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Irvin Kershner (born Isadore Kershner; April 29, 1923November 27, 2010) was an American film director and occasional actor, best known for directing quirky, independent films early in his career, and then ''The Empire Strikes Back'', the James Bond film ''Never Say Never Again'', and ''RoboCop 2''. ==Background== Irvin Kershner was born in Philadelphia in 1923.〔Michael Barson. ("Biography - Irvin Kershner, American director" ). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved 2014-07-15.〕 His artistic and cultural background was a mixture of music and art. The study of music (violin, viola, and composition) was the most important activity of his early years.〔Joseph Myers. ("In Memoriam: Irvin Kershner joins the Force" ). ''South Philly Review'', December 9, 2010.〕 He attended the Temple University – Tyler School of Fine Arts in Philadelphia. Later, he went to New York and Provincetown to study with the famous painting teacher Hans Hofmann. He then moved to Los Angeles where he studied photography at the Art Center College of Design. He began his film career at the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, teaching photography and taking cinema courses under Slavko Vorkapić, a montage artist and then dean of the School. Kershner then accepted a job as still photographer on a State Department film project in Iran under the Point Four Program, which ultimately led to an assignment as a director and cinematographer of documentaries in Iran, Greece and Turkey with the United States Information Service. When he returned to the States, he and Paul Coates (1921–1968) developed ''Confidential File'', a documentary television series. Kershner worked as writer, director, cinematographer, and editor. He later developed and directed the television series ''The Rebel'' (1959–61), as well as the pilots for ''Peyton Place'', ''Cain's Hundred'', ''Philip Marlowe'', and others. He then moved on to feature films, including: ''Hoodlum Priest'' (which starred Don Murray); ''The Luck of Ginger Coffey'' (with Robert Shaw and Mary Ure); ''A Fine Madness'' (with Sean Connery, Joanne Woodward, and Jean Seberg); ''The Flim-Flam Man'' (starring George C. Scott); ''Up the Sandbox'' (with Barbra Streisand); ''Loving'' (with George Segal and Eva Marie Saint); ''The Return of a Man Called Horse'' (starring Richard Harris); the critically acclaimed TV movie ''Raid on Entebbe'' (an intense true-life drama which was nominated for nine Emmys, including Best Direction); and the supernatural thriller ''Eyes of Laura Mars'' (starring Faye Dunaway and Tommy Lee Jones). Kershner was the son of Ukrainian-Jewish immigrants. He considered himself an internationalist, saying "I've been a student of Christianity. I've been interested in the historical basis of the Muslim religion. I studied Buddhism. I don't think of myself as a Jew except by birth, as I don't follow the customs. I'm a Jew because other people consider me so. My pride is in being international." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Irvin Kershner」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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